Human recombinant relaxin-2 (serelaxin) regulates the proteome, lipidome, lipid metabolism and inflammatory profile of rat visceral adipose tissue.

Recombinant human relaxin-2 (serelaxin) has been widely proven as a novel drug with myriad effects at different cardiovascular levels, which support its potential therapeutic efficacy in several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Considering these effects, together with the influence of relaxin-2 on adipocyte physiology and adipokine secretion, and the connection between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) dysfunction and the development of CVD, we could hypothesize that relaxin-2 may regulate VAT metabolism. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a 2-week serelaxin treatment on the proteome and lipidome of VAT from Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that serelaxin increased 1 polyunsaturated fatty acid and 6 lysophosphatidylcholines and decreased 4 triglycerides in VAT employing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) based platforms, and that regulates 47 phosphoproteins using SWATH/MS analysis. Through RT-PCR, we found that serelaxin treatment also caused an effect on VAT lipolysis through an increase in the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and a decrease in the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), together with a reduction in the VAT expression of the fatty acid transporter cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36). Serelaxin also caused an anti-inflammatory effect in VAT by the decrease in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), chemerin, and its receptor. In conclusion, our results highlight the regulatory role of serelaxin in the VAT proteome and lipidome, lipolytic function, and inflammatory profile, suggesting the implication of several mechanisms supporting the potential benefit of serelaxin for the prevention of obesity and metabolic disorders.

Alterations in Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation System: Relationship of Complex V and Cardiac Dysfunction in Human Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a disease related to bioenergetic mitochondrial abnormalities. However, the whole status of molecules involved in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the OXPHOS transcriptome of human cardiac tissue by RNA-seq analyses (mRNA n = 36; ncRNA n = 30) in HF patients (ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)) and control subjects. We detected 28 altered genes in these patients, highlighting greater deregulation in ICM. Specifically, we found a general overexpression of complex V (ATP synthase) elements, among them, ATP5I (ICM, FC = 2.04; p < 0.01), ATP5MJ (ICM, FC = 1.33, p < 0.05), and ATP5IF1 (ICM, FC = 1.81; p < 0.001), which presented a significant correlation with established echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and ventricular function as follows: left ventricular end-systolic (p < 0.01) and end-diastolic (p < 0.01) diameters, and ejection fraction (p < 0.05). We also detected an increase in ATP5IF1 protein levels (ICM, FC = 1.75; p < 0.01) and alterations in the microRNA expression levels of miR-208b-3p (ICM, FC = -1.44, p < 0.001), miR-483-3p (ICM, FC = 1.37, p < 0.01), regulators of ATP5I. Therefore, we observed the deregulation of the OXPHOS transcriptome in ICM patients, highlighting the overexpression of complex V and its relationship with cardiac remodeling and function.

Plasma fibroblast activation protein is decreased in acute heart failure despite cardiac tissue upregulation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has an emerging role in heart failure (HF). A paradoxical reduction in its levels in pathological conditions associated with acute processes has been observed. We aimed to identify FAP cardiac tissue expression and its relationship with the main cardiac fibrosis-related signaling pathways, and to compare plasma FAP levels in acute and chronic HF patients. METHODS: Transcriptomic changes were assessed via mRNA/ncRNA-seq in left ventricle tissue from HF patients (n = 57) and controls (n = 10). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to explore FAP protein levels and localization in cardiac tissue. ELISA was performed to examine plasma FAP levels in acute HF (n = 48), chronic HF (n = 15) and control samples (n = 7). RESULTS: FAP overexpression in cardiac tissue is related to the expression of molecules directly involved in cardiac fibrosis, such as POSTN, THBS4, MFAP5, COL1A2 and COL3A1 (P < 0.001), and is directly and inversely related to pro- and antifibrotic microRNAs, respectively. The observed FAP overexpression is not reflected in plasma. Circulating FAP levels were lower in acute HF patients than in controls (P < 0.05), while chronic HF patients did not show significant changes. The clinical variables analyzed, such as functional class or etiology, do not affect plasma FAP concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: We determined that in HF cardiac tissue, FAP is related to the main cardiac fibrosis signaling pathways as well as to pro- and antifibrotic microRNAs. Additionally, an acute phase of HF decreases plasma FAP levels despite the upregulation observed in cardiac tissue and regardless of other clinical conditions.

Second Coordination Sphere Effect Shifts CO2 to CO Reduction by Iron Porphyrin from Fe0 to FeI.

Iron porphyrins are among the most studied molecular catalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction and their reactivity is constantly being enhanced through the implementation of chemical functionalities in the second coordination sphere inspired by the active sites of enzymes. In this study, we were intrigued to observe that a multipoint hydrogen bonding scheme provided by embarked urea groups could also shift the redox activation step of CO2 from the well-admitted Fe(0) to the Fe(I) state. Using EPR, resonance Raman, IR and UV-Visible spectroscopies, we underpinned a two-electron activation step of CO2 starting from the Fe(I) oxidation state to form, after protonation, an Fe(III)-COOH species. The addition of another electron and a proton to the latter species converged to the cleavage of a C-O bond with the loss of water molecule resulting in an Fe(II)-CO species. DFT analyses of these postulated intermediates are in good agreement with our collected spectroscopic data, allowing us to propose an alternative pathway in the catalytic CO2 reduction with iron porphyrin catalyst. Such a remarkable shift opens new lines of research in the design of molecular catalysts to reach low overpotentials in performing multi-electronic CO2 reduction catalysis.

Combining Serum miR-144-3p and miR-652-3p as Potential Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Stratification of Acute Cellular Rejection in Heart Transplantation Patients.

BACKGROUND: There is a dire need for specific, noninvasive biomarkers that can accurately detect cardiac acute cellular rejection (ACR) early. Previously, we described miR-144-3p as an excellent candidate for detecting grade ≥2R ACR. Now, we investigated the combination of miR-144-3p with miR-652-3p, other differentially expressed serum miRNA we previously described, to improve diagnostic accuracy mainly in mild rejection to avoid reaching severe stages. METHODS: We selected miR-652-3p from a preliminary RNA-seq study to be validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction on 212 consecutive serum samples from transplantation recipients undergoing routine endomyocardial biopsies to subsequently combine them with miR-144-3p results and investigate their diagnostic capability. RESULTS: We confirmed the miR-652-3p overexpression (P < 0.0001) and its capability to discriminate between patients with and without ACR of any grade (P < 0.0001). The combined serum levels of miR-144-3p and miR-652-3p were significantly higher in patients with rejection regardless of posttransplantation time (P < 0.0001). This combination resulted in a diagnostic efficacy for 1R (area under the curve = 0.794) and ≥2R (area under the curve = 0.892; P < 0.0001) that was superior to each biomarker alone. Furthermore, it was a strong independent predictor of ACR for 1R (odds ratio of 10.950; P < 0.0001) and ≥2R (odds ratio of 14.289; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that an appropriate combination of blood-based biomarkers could exhibit greater efficiency for cardiac rejection diagnosis. The combined detection of abnormal expression of miR-144-3p and miR-652-3p in the serum of ACR patients can improve the diagnostic sensitivity of rejection at an early stage and contribute to increasing the diagnostic accuracy, mainly in the lower rejection grades.

Altered MicroRNA Maturation in Ischemic Hearts: Implication of Hypoxia on XPO5 and DICER1 Dysregulation and RedoximiR State.

Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is associated with abnormal microRNA expression levels that involve an altered gene expression profile. However, little is known about the underlying causes of microRNA disruption in ICM and whether microRNA maturation is compromised. Therefore, we focused on microRNA maturation defects analysis and the implication of the microRNA biogenesis pathway and redox-sensitive microRNAs (redoximiRs). Transcriptomic changes were investigated via ncRNA-seq (ICM, n = 22; controls, n = 8) and mRNA-seq (ICM, n = 13; control, n = 10). The effect of hypoxia on the biogenesis of microRNAs was evaluated in the AC16 cell line. ICM patients showed a reduction in microRNA maturation compared to control (4.30 ± 0.94 au vs. 5.34 ± 1.07 au, p ˂ 0.05), accompanied by a deregulation of the microRNA biogenesis pathway: a decrease in pre-microRNA export (XPO5, FC = -1.38, p ˂ 0.05) and cytoplasmic processing (DICER, FC = -1.32, p ˂ 0.01). Both processes were regulated by hypoxia in AC16 cells (XPO5, FC = -1.65; DICER1, FC = -1.55; p ˂ 0.01; Exportin-5, FC = -1.81; Dicer, FC = -1.15; p ˂ 0.05). Patients displayed deregulation of several redoximiRs, highlighting miR-122-5p (FC = -2.41, p ˂ 0.001), which maintained a good correlation with the ejection fraction (r = 0.681, p ˂ 0.01). We evidenced a decrease in microRNA maturation mainly linked to a decrease in XPO5-mediated pre-microRNA export and DICER1-mediated processing, together with a general effect of hypoxia through deregulation of biogenesis pathway and the redoximiRs.

The lipidomic and inflammatory profiles of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues are distinctly regulated by the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

The pharmacological inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) has emerged as a treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease and/or other metabolic disturbances, although some of the mechanisms implicated in their beneficial effects are unknown. The SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin has been suggested as a regulator of adiposity, energy metabolism, and systemic inflammation in adipose tissue. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a 6-week-empagliflozin treatment on the lipidome of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from diabetic obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats using an untargeted metabolomics approach. We found that empagliflozin increases the content of diglycerides and oxidized fatty acids (FA) in VAT, while in SAT, it decreases the levels of several lysophospholipids and increases 2 phosphatidylcholines. Empagliflozin also reduces the expression of the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), monocyte-chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-10, and of Cd86 and Cd163 M1 and M2 macrophage markers in VAT, with no changes in SAT, except for a decrease in IL-1ß. Empagliflozin treatment also shows an effect on lipolysis increasing the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in SAT and VAT and of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in VAT, together with a decrease in the adipose content of the FA transporter cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36). In conclusion, our data highlighted differences in the VAT and SAT lipidomes, inflammatory profiles and lipolytic function, which suggest a distinct metabolism of these two white adipose tissue depots after the empagliflozin treatment.

Alpha-cardiac Actin Serum Expression Levels Detect Acute Cellular Rejection in Heart Transplant Patients.

BACKGROUND: Given the central role of sarcomeric dysfunction in cardiomyocyte biology and sarcomere alterations described in endomyocardial biopsies of transplant patients with rejection, we hypothesized that the serum expression levels of genes encoding sarcomeric proteins were altered in acute cellular rejection (ACR). The aim of this study is to identify altered sarcomere-related molecules in serum and to evaluate their diagnostic accuracy for detecting rejection episodes. METHODS: Serum samples from transplant recipients undergoing routine endomyocardial biopsies were included in an RNA sequencing analysis (n = 40). Protein concentrations of alpha-cardiac actin were determined using a specific enzyme-linked immunoassay (n = 80). RESULTS: We identified 17 sarcomeric genes differentially expressed in patients with clinically relevant rejection (grade ≥2R ACR). A receiver operating characteristic curve was done to assess their accuracy for ACR detection and found that 6 relevant actins, myosins, and other sarcomere-related genes showed great diagnostic capacity with an area under the curve (AUC) > 0.800. Specifically, the gene encoding alpha-cardiac actin ( ACTC1 ) showed the best results (AUC = 1.000, P < 0.0001). We determine ACTC1 protein levels in a larger patient cohort, corroborating its overexpression and obtaining a significant diagnostic capacity for clinically relevant rejection (AUC = 0.702, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcomeric alterations are reflected in peripheral blood of patients with allograft rejection. Because of their precision to detect ACR, we propose sarcomere ACTC1 serum expression levels as potential candidate for to be included in the development of molecular panel testing for noninvasive ACR detection.

Relaxin-2 plasma levels in atrial fibrillation are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress markers.

Relaxin-2 exerts many favourable cardiovascular effects in pathological circumstances such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure, but the mechanisms underlying its actions are not completely understood. Since inflammation and fibrosis are pivotal processes in the pathogenesis of AF, our aim was to study the relationship between relaxin-2 plasma levels in left atrium (LA) and peripheral vein with molecules implicated in fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in AF patients, and to evaluate the anti-fibrotic ability of relaxin-2 in normal human atrial cardiac fibroblasts (NHCF-A). Peripheral vein relaxin-2 plasma levels were higher than LA relaxin-2 plasma levels in men while, in women, peripheral vein relaxin-2 levels were increased compared to men. AF patients with higher levels of relaxin-2 exhibited a reduction in H2O2 plasma levels and in mRNA levels of alpha-defensin 3 (DEFA3) and IL-6 in leucocytes from LA plasma. Relaxin-2-in-vitro treatment inhibited NHCF-A migration and decreased mRNA and protein levels of the pro-fibrotic molecule transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1). Our results support an association between relaxin-2 and molecules involved in fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in AF patients, and reinforce an anti-fibrotic protective role of this hormone in NHCF-A; strengthening the relevance of relaxin-2 in AF physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment.

Cardiac Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger (NHE11) as a Novel Potential Target for SGLT2i in Heart Failure: A Preliminary Study.

Despite the reduction of cardiovascular events, including the risk of death, associated with sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), their basic action remains unclear. Sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) has been proposed as the mechanism of action, but there are controversies related to its function and expression in heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that sodium transported-related molecules could be altered in HF and modulated through SGLT2i. Transcriptome alterations in genes involved in sodium transport in HF were investigated in human heart samples by RNA-sequencing. NHE11 and NHE1 protein levels were determined by ELISA; the effect of empagliflozin on NHE11 and NHE1 mRNA levels in rats' left ventricular tissues was studied through RT-qPCR. We highlighted the overexpression of SLC9C2 and SCL9A1 sodium transport genes and the increase of the proteins that encode them (NHE11 and NHE1). NHE11 levels were correlated with left ventricular diameters, so we studied the effect of SGLT2i on its expression, observing that NHE11 mRNA levels were reduced in treated rats. We showed alterations in several sodium transports and reinforced the importance of these channels in HF progression. We described upregulation in NHE11 and NHE1, but only NHE11 correlated with human cardiac dysfunction, and its levels were reduced after treatment with empagliflozin. These results propose NHE11 as a potential target of SGLT2i in cardiac tissue.

Resonance Raman: A powerful tool to interrogate carotenoids in biological matrices.

Resonance Raman spectroscopy is one of the most powerful techniques in analytical science due to its molecular selectivity, high sensitivity, and the fact that, in contrast to IR absorption spectroscopy, the presence of water does not hamper or mask the results. Originating in physics and chemistry, the use of Raman spectroscopy has spread and now includes a variety of applications in different disciplines, including biology. In this chapter, we introduce the basic principles of Raman and resonance Raman scattering, and show resonance Raman can be applied to study carotenoid molecules, in complex biological or chemical matrices. We describe the type of information that can be extracted from resonance Raman spectra, illustrating the power of this method by a series of example applications.

Relaxin-2 as a Potential Biomarker in Cardiovascular Diseases.

The pleiotropic hormone relaxin-2 plays a pivotal role in the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Relaxin-2 exerts relevant regulatory functions in cardiovascular tissues through the specific receptor relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) in the regulation of cardiac metabolism; the induction of vasodilatation; the reversion of fibrosis and hypertrophy; the reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis; and the stimulation of angiogenesis, with inotropic and chronotropic effects as well. Recent preclinical and clinical outcomes have encouraged the potential use of relaxin-2 (or its recombinant form, known as serelaxin) as a therapeutic strategy during cardiac injury and/or in patients suffering from different cardiovascular disarrangements, especially heart failure. Furthermore, relaxin-2 has been proposed as a promising biomarker of cardiovascular health and disease. In this review, we emphasize the relevance of the endogenous hormone relaxin-2 as a useful diagnostic biomarker in different backgrounds of cardiovascular pathology, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, aortic valve disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, which could be relevant in daily clinical practice and could contribute to comprehending the specific role of relaxin-2 in cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiac Allograft Rejection Induces Changes in Nucleocytoplasmic Transport: RANGAP1 as a Potential Non-Invasive Biomarker.

The non-invasive diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a major challenge. We performed a molecular study analyzing the predictive capacity of serum RanGTPase AP1 (RANGAP1) for diagnosing ACR during the first year after heart transplantation (HT). We included the serum samples of 75 consecutive HT patients, extracted after clinical stability, to determine the RANGAP1 levels through ELISA. In addition, various clinical, analytical, and echocardiographic variables, as well as endomyocardial biopsy results, were collected. RANGAP1 levels were higher in patients who developed ACR (median 63.15 ng/mL; (inter-quartile range (IQR), 36.61-105.69) vs. 35.33 ng/mL (IQR, 19.18-64.59); p = 0.02). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed that RANGAP1 differentiated between patients with and without ACR (area under curve (AUC), 0.70; p = 0.02), and a RANGAP1 level exceeding the cut-off point (≥90 ng/mL) was identified as a risk factor for the development of ACR (OR, 6.8; p = 0.006). Two independent predictors of ACR identified in this study were higher RANGAP1 and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels. The analysis of the ROC curve of the model showed a significant AUC of 0.77, p = 0.001. Our findings suggest that RANGAP1 quantification facilitates risk prediction for the occurrence of ACR and could be considered as a novel non-invasive biomarker of ACR.

Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in the Regulation of Inflammatory Processes in Animal Models.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, also known as gliflozins, were developed as a novel class of anti-diabetic agents that promote glycosuria through the prevention of glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule by sodium-glucose co-transporter 2. Beyond the regulation of glucose homeostasis, they resulted as being effective in different clinical trials in patients with heart failure, showing a strong cardio-renal protective effect in diabetic, but also in non-diabetic patients, which highlights the possible existence of other mechanisms through which gliflozins could be exerting their action. So far, different gliflozins have been approved for their therapeutic use in T2DM, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease in different countries, all of them being diseases that have in common a deregulation of the inflammatory process associated with the pathology, which perpetuates and worsens the disease. This inflammatory deregulation has been observed in many other diseases, which led the scientific community to have a growing interest in the understanding of the biological processes that lead to or control inflammation deregulation in order to be able to identify potential therapeutic targets that could revert this situation and contribute to the amelioration of the disease. In this line, recent studies showed that gliflozins also act as an anti-inflammatory drug, and have been proposed as a useful strategy to treat other diseases linked to inflammation in addition to cardio-renal diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this work, we will review recent studies regarding the role of the main sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the control of inflammation.

DNMT3B System Dysregulation Contributes to the Hypomethylated State in Ischaemic Human Hearts.

A controversial understanding of the state of the DNA methylation machinery exists in ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Moreover, its relationship to other epigenetic alterations is incomplete. Therefore, we carried out an in-depth study of the DNA methylation process in human cardiac tissue. We showed a dysregulation of the DNA methylation machinery accordingly with the genome-wide hypomethylation that we observed: specifically, an overexpression of main genes involved in the elimination of methyl groups (TET1, SMUG1), and underexpression of molecules implicated in the maintenance of methylation (MBD2, UHRF1). By contrast, we found DNMT3B upregulation, a key molecule in the addition of methyl residues in DNA, and an underexpression of miR-133a-3p, an inhibitor of DNMT3B transcription. However, we found many relevant alterations that would counteract the upregulation observed, such as the overexpression of TRAF6, responsible for Dnmt3b degradation. Furthermore, we showed that molecules regulating Dnmts activity were altered; specifically, SAM/SAH ratio reduction. All these results are in concordance with the Dnmts normal function that we show. Our analysis revealed genome-wide hypomethylation along with dysregulation in the mechanisms of addition, elimination and maintenance of methyl groups in the DNA of ICM. We describe relevant alterations in the DNMT3B system, which promote a normal Dnmt3b function despite its upregulation.

Electron Microscopy Reveals Evidence of Perinuclear Clustering of Mitochondria in Cardiac Biopsy-Proven Allograft Rejection.

Acute cellular rejection is a major complication in heart transplantation. We focus on the analysis of new ultrastructural findings in cardiac biopsy rejection based on mitochondrial intracellular organization. This study includes heart transplanted patients from a single center who were referred for endomyocardial biopsies as a scheduled routine screening. Participants were divided into two groups: patients transplanted without allograft rejection (Grade 0R), and patients with biopsy-proven allograft rejection (Grade ≥ 2R). Using electronic microscopy, we detected a significant increase in the volume density of mitochondria (p < 0.0001) and dense bodies (p < 0.01) in the rejection group. The most relevant finding was the presence of local accumulations of mitochondria close to the nuclear envelope, pressing and molding the morphology of this membrane in all rejection samples (100%). We identified this perinuclear clustering of mitochondria phenomenon in a 68 ± 27% of the total cardiac nucleus observed from rejection samples. We did not observe this phenomenon in any non-rejection samples, reflecting excellent sensitivity and specificity. We have identified a specific phenomenon affecting the architecture of the nuclear membrane-perinuclear clustering of mitochondria-in endomyocardial biopsies from patients with cardiac rejection. This ultrastructural approach might complement and improve the diagnosis of rejection.

The Treatment With the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Modifies the Hepatic Metabolome of Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats Towards a Protective Profile.

The EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)) trial evidenced the potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidences have shown the benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on improving liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with T2DM. Metabolomic studies have been shown to be very useful to improve the understanding of liver pathophysiology during the development and progression of metabolic hepatic diseases, and because the effects of empagliflozin and of other SGLT2 inhibitors on the complete metabolic profile of the liver has never been analysed before, we decided to study the impact on the liver of male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats of a treatment for 6 weeks with empagliflozin using an untargeted metabolomics approach, with the purpose to help to clarify the benefits of the use of empagliflozin at hepatic level. We found that empagliflozin is able to change the hepatic lipidome towards a protective profile, through an increase of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated glycerides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols and lysophosphatidylcholines. Empagliflozin also induces a decrease in the levels of the markers of inflammation IL-6, chemerin and chemerin receptor in the liver. Our results provide new evidences regarding the molecular pathways through which empagliflozin could exert hepatoprotector beneficial effects in T2DM.

Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Allene Carotenoids.

Carotenoids are conjugated linear molecules built from the repetition of terpene units, which display a large structural diversity in nature. They may, in particular, contain several types of side or end groups, which tune their functional properties, such as absorption position and photochemistry. We report here a detailed experimental study of the absorption and vibrational properties of allene-containing carotenoids, together with an extensive modeling of these experimental data. Our calculations can satisfactorily explain the electronic properties of vaucheriaxanthin, where the allene group introduces the equivalent of one C═C double bond into the conjugated C═C chain. The position of the electronic absorption of fucoxanthin and butanoyloxyfucoxanthin requires long-range corrections to be found correctly on the red side of that of vaucheriaxanthin; however, these corrections tend to overestimate the effect of the conjugated and nonconjugated C═O groups in these molecules. We show that the resonance Raman spectra of these carotenoids are largely perturbed by the presence of the allene group, with the two major Raman contributions split into two components. These perturbations are satisfactorily explained by modeling, through a gain in the Raman intensity of the C═C antisymmetric stretching mode, induced by the presence of the allene group in the carotenoid C═C chain.

Implication of Sphingolipid Metabolism Gene Dysregulation and Cardiac Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Accumulation in Heart Failure.

Disturbances in sphingolipid metabolism lead to biological function dysregulation in many diseases, but it has not been described in heart failure (HF). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels have not ever been measured in the myocardium. Therefore, we analyze the gene dysregulation of human cardiac tissue by mRNA-seq (n = 36) and ncRNA-seq (n = 50). We observed most major changes in the expression of genes belonging to de novo and salvage pathways, and the tight gene regulation by their miRNAs is largely dysregulated in HF. We verified using ELISA (n = 41) that ceramide and S1P accumulate in HF cardiac tissue, with an increase in the ceramide/S1P ratio of 57% in HF. Additionally, changes in left ventricular mass and diameters are directly related to CERS1 expression and inversely related to S1P levels. Altogether, we define changes in the main components of the sphingolipid metabolism pathways in HF, mainly de novo and salvage, which lead to an increase in ceramide and S1P in cardiac tissue, as well as an increase in the ceramide/S1P ratio in HF patients. Therapeutic gene modulation focused on restoring ceramide levels or reversing the ceramide/S1P ratio could be a potential therapy to be explored for HF patients.